This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving forces governing water quality variationsin the Midstream of the Chishui River, a pivotal area for China’s iconic liquor production, focused on its mainstream and tributaries. Through monthly intensive sampling and monitoring, combined with water quality assessment methods (single-factor evaluation and the Nemerow index method) and hydrochemical analysis, the spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanisms of the water environment were systematically analyzed. The key findings reveal three distinct patterns. 1. Spatial heterogeneity: There is a notable difference in water quality between the main stream and tributaries, with the main stream exhibiting better water quality, while some tributaries show poorer water quality during certain months. 2. Seasonal ion variability: The proportions of Mg2+, Cl−, and SO3 2− peaked during winter and spring, while concentrations of cations and anions decreased in summer and autumn. 3. Driving factors: The spatial disparity between mainstream and tributary water quality was primarily controlled by anthropogenic activities, whereas temporal variations in ionic composition were jointly influenced by basin lithology and seasonal environmental-climatic changes. Enhanced tributary management and climate adaptive monitoring strategies are proposed to safeguard water resources critical for both ecosystem integrity and specialty beverage manufacturing.
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